1.GEOGRAPHY
1.1 WORLD TRIP ON ITS BEST
1.1.1 BEST PLACES TO TRAVEL
1.1.2 BEST HOTELS AND SUITES TO REST AND ENJOY
2.POLITICALLY
2.1 COUNTRIES
2.1.1 CAPITALS AND CURRENCIES
3.BUSINESS
3.1 SHARE MARKETS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
3.2 COURIERS
4. FOR BEING GUD AND LIVE LIFE KING SIZE ONE SHOULD BE INTELLECTUAL AND GUD AT CARRIERS CHOICE
4.1 THE BEST UNIVERSITIES ON GLOBE
GEOGRAPHY
I. Introducing Geography: Geography is the study of the evolving character and
organization of the Earth’s surface. It is about how, why, and where human and
natural activities occur and how these activities are interconnected. The two sides of
geography include:
1. Regional geography is concerned with how the Earth’s surface is differentiated into unique places.
2. Systematic geography is concerned with the processes that differentiate places in
time and space.
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I. The Four Great Realms: The natural systems encountered in physical geography
operate within the four great realms, or spheres, of the Earth. These are the
atmosphere; the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere.
Atmosphere - The gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth. It receives heat and moisture
from the surface and redistributes them, returning some heat and all of the moisture to
the surface. It supplies vital elements needed to sustain life forms.
Lithosphere - This outermost solid layer of the Earth provides a platform for most lifeforms.
The solid bedrock bears a shallow layer of soil in which nutrient elements
become available to organisms. The surface of the lithosphere is sculpted into
landforms which provide varied habitats for plants, animals, and humans.
Hydrosphere - The liquid realm of the Earth is principally the mass of water in the
world’s oceans. It also includes solid ice in mountain and continental glaciers. Water
occurs as a gaseous vapour, liquid droplets, and solid ice crystals. In the lithosphere,
water is found in the uppermoSt layers in soils and in ground water reservoirs.
Biosphere - Most of the biosphere is contained in the shallow surface zone called the
life layer. It includes the surface of the lands and the upper 100 meters of the ocean.
On land, the life layer is the zone of interactions among the biosphere, lithosphere, and
atmosphere.
II. Scales in Physical Geography: The processes of the life layer and the four great
realms operate on various scales. These scales range from global to individual scales.
Global scale - The sun is the power source that powers most of the phenomena that
occurs within the life layer. At this scale, Earth-sun relationships are very important.
Continental scale - The sun’s energy is not evenly absorbed by the Earth’s land and
water surface. Unequal solar heating produces currents of air and water and
constitute the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation system.
Regional scale - This smaller scale observes the cloud patterns of weather systems,
and their regular movements over time. These movements, along with solar control
of surface temperature, form the basis of the climates of the world.
Local scale - Factors at this scale are important in determining the exact patterns of
vegetation and soils.
Individual scale - Individual landforms and their associated plant and animal
communities are produced by unique activities of wind or water, and develop
distinctive biological communities and soil properties.
III. Systems in Physical Geography: A helpful way to understand the relationships
among the four realms and the life-layer is to study them as systems.
A. Flow systems - This is a system in which matter, energy, or both, move from one
location to another.
1. Pathways: The structure of a flow system that allows for movement.
2. Structure: The pattern of pathways and their interconnections.
3. Inputs and outputs: Flow systems may have matter, energy, or both entering
and leaving the system.
4. Power source: Each flow system needs some type of power source. Natural
systems are powered largely or completely by natural power sources.
Examples of flow systems in physical geography are river systems, a food chain
in an ecosystem, and the global energy balance system.
B. Open and Closed Flow Systems
1. Open Flow System - This is a flow system where there are inputs and outputs
of matter and energy.
2. Closed Flow System - This is a flow system with no input or output flows of
matter. The flow of materials in the system moves endlessly in a series of
interconnected paths or loops. This is also known as a cycle, or a material
cycle. Any global material flow system must be closed, since only a minute
amount of matter flows from Earth to space or from space to the Earth. The
global carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles are all closed matter flow systems.
Energy flow systems are always open. All objects that are warmer than the
depths of space emit radiant energy, and some fraction of that energy
ultimately leaves the Earth.
C. Feedback and Equilibrium in Flow Systems
1. Feedback - Occurs when the flow in one pathway acts to either reduce or to
increase the flow in another pathway.
a. Positive feedback- Where the feedback reinforces the flow of matter or
energy in the system.
b. Negative feedback - Where the feedback reduces the flow of matter or
energy in the system.
2. Equilibrium- This is a steady state in which the flow rates in the various
pathways of a system remain about the same.
D. Time Cycles - Any system can undergo a change in the rates of flow energy or matter
within its pathways. Flow rates may grow faster or may slow down. These
changes in activity can be reversed at intervals of time – that is, a rate can
alternately speed up and slow down during a time cycle. In many natural systems,
there is a rhythm of increasing and decreasing flow. The annual revolution of the
Earth around the Sun generates a time cycle of energy flow in many natural
systems.
1.1
THERE ARE MANY WAYS TO TRAVEL AROUND THE WORDS FEW ARE AMONG THOSE WHICH I FEEL THE BEST TO LINGER AROUND
FIRST IS ON THE WINGS ABOVE THE CLOUDS ,SECOND IS IN FLOATING IN UR YACHT ON BLUE ICE COLD WATER EITHER OR ON CRUSE ALONG WITH OTHER PEOPLE. AIR TICKETS COST COULD BE AS LOW AS U WANT BUT MAY HIKE WITH UR FLIGHTS OF FANTASY AND ROYALITY U ASK FOR IT COULD BE CONCORDE AIR BUS OR EVEN PRIVATE PLANE.
BUT I PREFER TO BE ON YACHT WITH PARTNER AND
ALL OUR GADGETS .
TO EXPLORE JUNGLES U SHOULD TRAVEL ON FOOT TO FEEL THE TEROR OF BEING SURRONDED BY THE WILD DIVERSTY OF ANIMALIA KINGDOM.
TO EXPLORE THE CITY OR TOWN IS ON LOCAL TAXIS RATHER THAN ON
RENTED LIMOS .
WELL THE BEST PLACE TO TRAVEL or LIVE
No. 1: Zurich
Switzerland
Mercer score: 108*2007 rank: No. 1GDP: $300.9 billion (2007 est.)**Population: 7,581,520 (total country); 347,517 (total city)Life expectancy: 80.74 years
Best Places
No. 2 (tie): Vienna
Austria
Mercer score: 107.92007 rank: No. 3GDP: $319.7 billion (2007 est.)Population: 8,205,533 (total country); 1,825,287 (total city)Life expectancy: 79.36 years
Best Places
No. 2 (tie): Geneva
Switzerland
Mercer score: 107.92007 rank: No. 2GDP: $300.9 billion (2007 est.)Population: 7,581,520 (total country); 185,000 (total city)Life expectancy: 80.74 years
Best Places
No. 4: Vancouver
Canada
Mercer score: 107.62007 rank: No. 3GDP: $1.274 trillion (2007 est.)Population: 33,212,696 (total country); 560,000 (total city)Life expectancy: 81.16 years
No. 5: Auckland
New Zealand
Mercer score: 107.32007 rank: No. 5GDP: $112.6 billion (2007 est.)Population: 4,173,460 (total country); 1.18 million (total city)Life expectancy: 80.24 years
No. 6: Dusseldorf
Germany
Mercer score: 107.22007 rank: No. 6GDP: $2.833 trillion (2007 est.)Population: 82,369,548 (total country); 581,858 (total city)Life expectancy: 79.1 yearS
No. 7 (tie): Munich
Germany
Mercer score: 1072007 rank: No. 8GDP: $2.833 trillion (2007 est.)Population: 82,369,548 (total country); 1,332,650 (total city)Life expectancy: 79 YEARS
No. 8: Bern, GERMANY
OTHER PLACES TO TRAVEL ARE THE FOLLOWING
BEST HOTELS AND SUITES TO REST AND ENJOY
THE BEST HOTELS TO STAY AT ARE THOSE WHICH ARE COMFORTABLE MAKE U FEEL AT HOME AND SERVED BY THE BEST HOSPITALITY WITH A LOVELY SKY LINE OR A BEACH VIEW THROUGH THE WINDOW OF BED ROOM
World's 10 best hotels
1. Singita Sabi Sand, South Africa
2. Oberoi Rajvilas Jaipur, India
3. Fairmont Mara Safari Club, Masai Mara, Kenya
4. Oberoi Udaivilas, Udaipur
5. Triple Creek Ranch, Darby, Montana
6. Oberoi Amarvilas, Agra
7. Kirawira Luxury Tented Camp, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
8. Sabi Sabi Private Game Reserve, Sabi Sands, South Africa
9. Tortilis Camp, Amboseli National Park, Kenya
10. Domaine des Hauts de Loire, Onzain, France
for other tours around globe
TOUR IN MALAYSIA (10 days)
Day 01 Airport Sandakan / Sandakan Hotel (-)Upon arrival at airport Day 02 Sepilok Orang Utan / Kinabatangan River / River Cruise (B/L/D)
Day 03 By land to Gomantong Cave/ Lodge (B/L/D)
Day 04 Sukau / Semporna Jetty / Mabul Resort (B/L/D)
Day 05 3 Dive / Mabul Resort (B/L/D)
Day 06 3 Dives / Mabul Island (B/L/D)
Day 07 Transfer to Tawau Airport / Kota Kinabalu Airport / Hotel (B)
Day 08 Hotel / Kinabalu Park HQ / Timpohon Gate / Mountain Hut (B/PL/D)
Day 09 Summit / Timpohon Gate / PHQ / Hotel (B/L)
Day 10 Hotel / Airport (B)Breakfast at hotel. Free at leisure until transfer to Airport.
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